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<title>KeyKOS</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">KeyKOS</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #e0e0e0;">KeyKOS</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Tymshare" title="Tymshare">Tymshare</a> (Norm Hardy, Bill Frantz, Charlie Landau)<br><a href="McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a><br>Key Logic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Capability-based_security" title="Capability-based security">Capability-based</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Discontinued</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">1977<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1977</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Final / 1988<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1988</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Marketing target</th><td class="infobox-data">Research</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Update method</th><td class="infobox-data">Compile from <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Supported platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">S/370</a> <a href="IBM_mainframe" title="IBM mainframe">mainframe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="User_interface" title="User interface">Default<br>user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">Command-line interface</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="GNOSIS" title="GNOSIS">GNOSIS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="EROS_(microkernel)" title="EROS (microkernel)">Extremely Reliable Operating System</a> (EROS), CapROS, Coyotos</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cap-lore.com/CapTheory/KK">cap-lore<wbr>.com<wbr>/CapTheory<wbr>/KK</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>KeyKOS</b> is a <a href="Persistence_(computer_science)" title="Persistence (computer science)">persistent</a>, pure <a href="Capability-based_security" title="Capability-based security">capability</a>-based <a href="Capability-based_operating_system" title="Capability-based operating system">operating system</a> for the <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">S/370</a> <a href="IBM_mainframe" title="IBM mainframe">mainframe</a> <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>. It allows <a href="Emulator" title="Emulator">emulating</a> the environments of <a href="VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM</a>, <a href="MVS" title="MVS">MVS</a>, and Portable Operating System Interface (<a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>). It is a predecessor of the <a href="EROS_(microkernel)" title="EROS (microkernel)">Extremely Reliable Operating System</a> (EROS), and its successor <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, CapROS, and Coyotos. KeyKOS is a <a href="Nanokernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanokernel">nanokernel</a>-based operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the mid-1970s, development of KeyKOS began at <a href="Tymshare" title="Tymshare">Tymshare</a>, Inc., under the name <a href="GNOSIS" title="GNOSIS">GNOSIS</a>. In 1984, <a href="McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a> (MD) bought Tymshare. A year later MD spun off Key Logic, which bought GNOSIS and renamed it <i>KeyKOS</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~KeyKOS/NanoKernel/NanoKernel.html">The KeyKOS Nanokernel Architecture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110621235229/http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~KeyKOS/NanoKernel/NanoKernel.html">Archived</a> 2011-06-21 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cap-lore.com/CapTheory/KK/EKK.html">"Roots of KeyKOS"</a>. <i>Cap-lore.com</i>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cap-lore.com/CapTheory/KK">Official website</a></span></span>, Norman Hardy</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cap-lore.com/CapTheory/upenn/Gnosis/Gnosis.html">GNOSIS: A Prototype Operating System for the 1990s</a>, a 1979 paper, Tymshare Inc.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cap-lore.com/Agorics/Library/KeyKos/key370.html">KeyKOS - A Secure, High-Performance Environment for S/370</a>, a 1988 paper, Key Logic, Inc.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Object-capability_security187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Object-capability_model" title="Object-capability model">Object-capability</a> security</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Principle_of_least_privilege" title="Principle of least privilege">Principle of least privilege</a> (PoLP)</li>

<li><a href="Confused_deputy_problem" title="Confused deputy problem">Confused deputy problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambient_authority" title="Ambient authority">Ambient authority</a></li>

<li><a href="File_descriptor" title="File descriptor">File descriptor</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-capability_model" title="Object-capability model">Object-capability model</a></li>

<li><a href="Capability-based_security" title="Capability-based security">Capability-based security</a></li>

<li><a href="Capability-based_addressing" title="Capability-based addressing">Capability-based addressing</a></li>

<li><a href="Zooko's_triangle" title="Zooko's triangle">Zooko's triangle</a></li>

<li><a href="Petname" title="Petname">Petnames</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a>,<br><a href="Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Capsicum_(Unix)" title="Capsicum (Unix)">Capsicum</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuchsia_(operating_system)" title="Fuchsia (operating system)">Fuchsia</a></li>

<li><a href="Genode" title="Genode">Genode</a></li>

<li><a href="GNOSIS" title="GNOSIS">GNOSIS</a> → → <a href="EROS_(microkernel)" title="EROS (microkernel)">EROS</a> → CapROS</li>

<li><a href="Hydra_(operating_system)" title="Hydra (operating system)">Hydra</a></li>

<li><a href="Midori_(operating_system)" title="Midori (operating system)">Midori</a></li>

<li><a href="NLTSS" title="NLTSS">NLTSS</a></li>

<li><a href="HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a> (<a href="HarmonyOS_NEXT" title="HarmonyOS NEXT">HarmonyOS NEXT</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Phantom_OS" title="Phantom OS">Phantom OS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Caja_project" title="Caja project">Caja–Cajita</a></li>

<li><a href="Joule_(programming_language)" title="Joule (programming language)">Joule</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tahoe-LAFS" title="Tahoe-LAFS">Tahoe-LAFS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="CAP_computer" title="CAP computer">Cambridge CAP</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_System/38" title="IBM System/38">IBM System/38</a></li>

<li><a href="Intel_iAPX_432" title="Intel iAPX 432">Intel iAPX 432</a></li>

<li><a href="Plessey_System_250" title="Plessey System 250">Plessey System 250</a></li>

<li><a href="Capability_Hardware_Enhanced_RISC_Instructions" title="Capability Hardware Enhanced RISC Instructions">CHERI</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microkernels-nanokernels667" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Microkernels-nanokernels667" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernels</a>-<a href="Microkernel#Nanokernel" title="Microkernel">nanokernels</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="L4_microkernel_family" title="L4 microkernel family">L4</a> family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Eumel" title="Eumel">Eumel</a></i> → <i><a href="L3_microkernel" class="mw-redirect" title="L3 microkernel">L3</a></i> → <a href="L4_microkernel_family" title="L4 microkernel family">L4</a>°</li>

<ul><li><i><a href="Mac_OS_nanokernel" title="Mac OS nanokernel">Mac OS nanokernel</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="NuKernel" class="mw-redirect" title="NuKernel">NuKernel</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Psion_(company)" title="Psion (company)">Psion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>-type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Exec_(Amiga)#ExecSG" title="Exec (Amiga)">ExecSG</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quark_(kernel)" title="Quark (kernel)">Quark</a></li>

<li><i><a href="WarpOS" title="WarpOS">WarpOS</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><i><a href="Adaptive_Domain_Environment_for_Operating_Systems" title="Adaptive Domain Environment for Operating Systems">ADEOS</a></i>°</li>

<li>Little Kernel</li>

<li><i><a href="Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach</a></i>°

<li><i><a href="MicroEmpix" title="MicroEmpix">MicroEmpix</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Green_Hills_Software#Real-time_operating_systems" title="Green Hills Software">µ-velOSity</a>^</li>

<li><i><a href="Spring_(operating_system)#The_nucleus" title="Spring (operating system)">nucleus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="PowerUP_(accelerator)#PowerUP_software" title="PowerUP (accelerator)">PowerUP</a></i></li>

<li><a href="RTLinux" title="RTLinux">RTLinux</a>°</li>

<li><a href="TI-RTOS#RTOS_kernel_overview" title="TI-RTOS">TI-RTOS kernel</a>^°</li>

<li><i><a href="Vanguard_(microkernel)" title="Vanguard (microkernel)">Vanguard</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating<br>systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><i><a href="Lites" title="Lites">Lites</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Meiko_Scientific#MeikOS" title="Meiko Scientific">MeikOS</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a>°

<ul><li><a href="Minix-vmd" class="mw-redirect" title="Minix-vmd">Minix-vmd</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Minix_3" title="Minix 3">Minix 3</a>°</li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a></i>°</li>

<li><i><a href="Multi-Environment_Real-Time" title="Multi-Environment Real-Time">Multi-Environment Real-Time</a></i>^ (<i>MERT</i> – <i>Unix-RT</i>)</li>

<li><a href="Redox_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Redox (operating system)">Redox</a>°</li>

<li><i><a href="Spring_(operating_system)" title="Spring (operating system)">Spring</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Tinix" title="Tinix">Tinix</a></li>

<li><i><a href="UNICOS" title="UNICOS">UNICOS</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="ChorusOS" title="ChorusOS">ChorusOS</a>^</i></li>

<li><a href="Integrity_(operating_system)" title="Integrity (operating system)">Integrity</a>^</li>

<li><a href="Nucleus_RTOS" title="Nucleus RTOS">Nucleus RTOS</a>^</li>

<li><a href="NuttX" title="NuttX">NuttX</a>^°</li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Capability-based_security" title="Capability-based security">Capability-based</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="GNOSIS" title="GNOSIS">GNOSIS</a></i> → <i></i> → <i><a href="EROS_(microkernel)" title="EROS (microkernel)">EROS</a></i> → CapROS</li>

<li><i><a href="Hydra_(operating_system)" title="Hydra (operating system)">Hydra</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Midori_(operating_system)" title="Midori (operating system)">Midori</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="NLTSS" title="NLTSS">NLTSS</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="HarmonyOS_NEXT" title="HarmonyOS NEXT">HarmonyOS NEXT</a> (<a href="OpenHarmony" title="OpenHarmony">OpenHarmony</a>, <a href="OpenHarmony#Oniro_OS" title="OpenHarmony">Oniro OS</a>)</i> → <i><a href="HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="L4_microkernel_family" title="L4 microkernel family">L4</a> kernel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="L4Linux" title="L4Linux">L<sup>4</sup>Linux</a>^°</li>

<li><a href="PikeOS" title="PikeOS">PikeOS</a>^</li>

<li><a href="Wombat_(operating_system)" title="Wombat (operating system)">Wombat</a>^°</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="JavaOS" title="JavaOS">JavaOS</a></i> (<i><a href="JavaOS#Chorus/Jazz" title="JavaOS">Chorus/Jazz</a></i>^ integrates <i><a href="ChorusOS" title="ChorusOS">ChorusOS</a></i>^)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> hosted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Unix-like13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="MachTen" title="MachTen">MachTen</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="MacMach" title="MacMach">MacMach</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><i><a href="Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mac_OS_8#Mac_OS_8.6" title="Mac OS 8">Classic Mac OS</a></i> (<a href="PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> kernel)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Psion_(company)" title="Psion (company)">Psion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><i><a href="EPOC_(operating_system)" title="EPOC (operating system)">EPOC</a></i> → <i><a href="Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> OS</i>^°</li>

<ul><li><a href="AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a></li>

<li><a href="AROS_Research_Operating_System" title="AROS Research Operating System">AROS</a>°

<ul><li><a href="AROS_Research_Operating_System#AspireOS" title="AROS Research Operating System">AspireOS</a>°</li>

<li><a href="AROS_Research_Operating_System#Broadway" title="AROS Research Operating System">Broadway</a>°</li>

<li><a href="AROS_Research_Operating_System#Icaros_Desktop" title="AROS Research Operating System">Icaros Desktop</a>°</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="MorphOS" title="MorphOS">MorphOS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Singularity_(operating_system)" title="Singularity (operating system)">Singularity</a></li>

<li><a href="ThreadX" title="ThreadX">ThreadX</a>^°</li>

<li><i><a href="Verve_(operating_system)" title="Verve (operating system)">Verve</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Pink</i> → <i><a href="Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a> OS</i> → <i><a href="Workplace_OS" title="Workplace OS">Workplace OS</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><i><a href="Amoeba_(operating_system)" title="Amoeba (operating system)">Amoeba</a></i>°</li>

<li><i><a href="BeRTOS" title="BeRTOS">BeRTOS</a></i>^°</li>

<li><a href="ChibiOS/RT" title="ChibiOS/RT">ChibiOS/RT</a>^°</li>

<li><a href="FreeRTOS" title="FreeRTOS">FreeRTOS</a>^°</li>

<li><a href="HelenOS" title="HelenOS">HelenOS</a>°</li>

<li><a href="OpenComRTOS" title="OpenComRTOS">OpenComRTOS</a>^</li>

<li><a href="Phantom_OS" title="Phantom OS">Phantom OS</a>^°</li>

<li><a href="SharpOS" title="SharpOS">SharpOS</a>°</li>

<li><i><a href="Thoth_(operating_system)" title="Thoth (operating system)">Thoth</a></i>^ → <i><a href="Harmony_(operating_system)" title="Harmony (operating system)">Harmony</a></i>^ → <i><a href="V_(operating_system)" title="V (operating system)">V</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Versatile_Real-Time_Executive" title="Versatile Real-Time Executive">VRTX</a>^</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">Frameworks</a>, <a href="Software_development_kit" title="Software development kit">kits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cosmos_(operating_system)" title="Cosmos (operating system)">Cosmos</a>°</li>

<li><a href="Genode" title="Genode">Genode</a>°</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gordon_Bell_(QNX)" title="Gordon Bell (QNX)">Gordon Bell</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Bushnell" title="Thomas Bushnell">Thomas Bushnell</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Cheriton" title="David Cheriton">David Cheriton</a></li>

<li><a href="Dan_Dodge" title="Dan Dodge">Dan Dodge</a></li>

<li><a href="Per_Brinch_Hansen" title="Per Brinch Hansen">Per Brinch Hansen</a></li>

<li><a href="Gernot_Heiser" title="Gernot Heiser">Gernot Heiser</a></li>

<li><a href="Jochen_Liedtke" title="Jochen Liedtke">Jochen Liedtke</a></li>

<li><a href="James_G._Mitchell" title="James G. Mitchell">James G. Mitchell</a></li>

<li><a href="Ike_Nassi" title="Ike Nassi">Ike Nassi</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Rashid" title="Richard Rashid">Richard Rashid</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a></li>

<li><a href="Avie_Tevanian" title="Avie Tevanian">Avie Tevanian</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Wulf" title="William Wulf">William Wulf</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><i>Italics</i> <b>= discontinued</b></li>

<li><b>° = <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></b><br><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category: Microkernel-based operating systems</b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category: Microkernels</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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